Credit hours
In-class work per week |
Practice per week |
Credits |
Duration |
Total |
3 |
3 |
8 |
10 weeks |
120 hours |
Instructor
Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti
Simone Rodrigues da Silva
Objective
To enable students to: I. Generally describe the herbicide leaf and root absorption processes. 1. Understand the importance of diffusion in leaf absorption 2. Describe the basic pathways of leaf and root absorption 3. Describe the general characteristics that predict absorption 4. Describe the relationship between herbicide characteristics and translocation II. Understand the thirteen basic mechanisms of herbicide mode of action and their selectivity. 1. Understand and describe the interactions of herbicides with light and photosynthesis 2. Understand and describe the interactions with amino acid biosynthesis 3. Understand and describe the effects of auxin-mimicking herbicides 4. Understand and describe the interactions of herbicide disrupting the development of seedlings. 5. Understand and describe the activity of herbicides that inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis.
Content
- Leaf and root absorption processes 1. Factors influencing herbicide leaf absorption 2. Diffusion as a force for herbicide absorption 3. Cuticle structure and chemical composition 4. Possible absorption pathways 5. Characteristics of herbicides that influence absorption 6. Techniques for increasing absorption 7. Characteristics of roots that influence absorption 8. Interactions of herbicides with soil 9. Pathways of root absorption 10. Characteristics of herbicides that influence root absorption 11. Herbicide translocation 12. The importance of herbicide translocation for action 13. Leaf absorption and translocation for active growing tissues 14. Root absorption and translocation with the transpiratory current 15. Herbicide characteristics that influence translocation - Mode of action of herbicides and selectivity 1. Herbicides involved with photosynthesis or light energy 2. Introduction to the photo 3. How herbicides block photosynthesis 4. The role of carotenoids in plant biology 5. How carotenoid loss affects chlorophyll 6. The basic structure of cell membranes 7. Mechanisms for free radical production free radicals interact with membranes 9. Selectivity mechanisms 10. Herbicides involved with amino acid biosynthesis 11. Importance of amino acids in protein biosynthesis 12. What enzymes do 13. Inhibition of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis 14. Inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis side chain amino acids 15. Inhibition of glutathione synthetase 16. Selectivity mechanisms and the potential for herbicide resistant crops 17. Herbicides that mimic auxin activity 18. The role of auxins in plant growth and development 19. The discovery of the first auxin-like herbicide 20. Explanation of symptom development 21. Current theory of how herbicides The basis of auxin herbicide selectivity 23. Herbicides that affect seedling growth 24. Importance of microtubules in cell division 25. How herbicides affect microtubules 26. The role of long chain fatty acids in plant growth 27. Evidence for Long Chain Fatty Acid Reduction by Some Herbicides 28. Evidence for Herbicide Interactions with Acetyl-CoA 29. Selectivity Mechanisms 30. Grass-Specific Herbicides 31. Importance of Growth of Fatty Acids for Growth 32. How herbicides inhibit fatty acid production 33. How ACCase is different in grasses and broadleaf plants.
Bibliography
ALTMAN, J. Pesticides Interactions in Crop Production. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1993. 350 p. ANDERSON, W.P. Weed Science Principles. West Publishing Company, Minnesota, 1993. 655 p. AULD, B.A., K.M. MENZ, C.A. TISDELL. Weed Control Economics. Academic Press. London, 1987, 177 p. BARROSO, G.M. Sistemática das angiospermas no Brasil. Vols. 1, 2 e 3. Rio de Janeiro. Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora S/A. 1978. COMPÊNDIO DE DEFENSIVOS AGRÍCOLAS. Guia Prático de Produtos Fitossanitários para Uso Agrícola. 4a edição, Organização Andrei Editora Ltda., São Paulo, 1993. 448 p. CORREA, M.P. Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura. Rio de Janeiro, 6 volumes. 1975. DEBACH, P. Control biologico de las Plagas e Insectos e Malas Hierbas. Companhia Editorial Continental, México, 1985. DEUBER, R. Ciência das Plantas Daninhas: Fundamentos. Editora da Unesp, Jaboticabal, Vol. I. 1992. 431 p. FERRI, M.G. Glossário ilustrado de botânica. Editora Nobel, 1981. 197 p. FOY, C.L. Adjuvants for Agrochemical. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1992. 220 p. FREIRE, C.V. Chaves analíticas. Piracicaba, ESALQ/USP. 1990. 99p. GODFREY, C.R.A. Agrochemicals from Natural Products. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1995. 420 p. HANCE, R.J. & K. HOLLY. Weed Control Handbook: principles. 8th edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, British Crop Protection Council, London, 1990. 582 p.