Credit hours
In-class work per week |
Practice per week |
Credits |
Duration |
Total |
2 |
2 |
8 |
15 weeks |
120 hours |
Instructor
Paulo Vinicius da Silva
Rafael Munhoz Pedroso
Objective
This course aims to offer tools such that students understand, in depth, how herbicides work, such that they can more easily comprehend one of the main issues surrounding herbicide usage: weed resistance to these molecules. More specifically, te courase aims to enable students to: I. Generally describe the herbicide leaf and root absorption processes. 1. Understand theimportance of diffusion in leaf absorption 2. Describe the basic pathways of leaf and root absorption 3. Describe thegeneral characteristics that predict absorption 4. Describe the relationship between herbicide characteristics andtranslocation II. Understand the thirteen basic mechanisms of herbicide mode of action and their selectivity. 1.Understand and describe the interactions of herbicides with light and photosynthesis 2. Understand and describe theinteractions with amino acid biosynthesis 3. Understand and describe the effects of auxin-mimicking herbicides 4.Understand and describe the interactions of herbicide disrupting the development of seedlings. 5. Understand and describe the activity of herbicides that inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis. III. Understand and describe concepts related to weed resistance to herbicides, the underlying mechanisms, and studies surrounding this topic.
Content
Part I. - Leaf and root absorption processes 1. Factors influencing herbicide leaf absorption 2. Diffusion as a force for herbicideabsorption 3. Cuticle structure and chemical composition 4. Possible absorption pathways 5. Characteristics of herbicidesthat influence absorption 6. Techniques for increasing absorption 7. Characteristics of roots that influence absorption 8.Interactions of herbicides with soil 9. Pathways of root absorption 10. Characteristics of herbicides that influence rootabsorption 11. Herbicide translocation 12. The importance of herbicide translocation for action 13. Leaf absorption andtranslocation for active growing tissues 14. Root absorption and translocation with the transpiratory current 15. Herbicidecharacteristics that influence translocation -
Part II. Mode of action of herbicides and selectivity 1. Herbicides involved withphotosynthesis or light energy 2. Introduction to the photo 3. How herbicides block photosynthesis 4. The role ofcarotenoids in plant biology 5. How carotenoid loss affects chlorophyll 6. The basic structure of cell membranes 7.Mechanisms for free radical production free radicals interact with membranes 9. Selectivity mechanisms 10. Herbicidesinvolved with amino acid biosynthesis 11. Importance of amino acids in protein biosynthesis 12. What enzymes do 13.Inhibition of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis 14. Inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis side chain amino acids 15.Inhibition of glutathione synthetase 16. Selectivity mechanisms and the potential for herbicide resistant crops 17.Herbicides that mimic auxin activity 18. The role of auxins in plant growth and development 19. The discovery of the first auxin-like herbicide 20. Explanation of symptom development 21. Current theory of how herbicides The basis of auxinherbicide selectivity 23. Herbicides that affect seedling growth 24. Importance of microtubules in cell division 25. Howherbicides affect microtubules 26. The role of long chain fatty acids in plant growth 27. Evidence for Long Chain FattyAcid Reduction by Some Herbicides 28. Evidence for Herbicide Interactions with Acetyl-CoA 29. Selectivity Mechanisms30. Grass-Specific Herbicides 31. Importance of Growth of Fatty Acids for Growth 32. How herbicides inhibit fatty acidproduction 33. How ACCase is different in grasses and broadleaf plants.
Part III. 1. Conceptual intro to weed resistance to herbicides. 2. Underlying mechanisms allowing weed biotypes to survive a rather lethal rate of herbicides. 3. Studies concerning weed resistance
Bibliography
W.P. WeedScience Principles. West Publishing Company, Minnesota, 1993. 655 p. AULD, B.A., K.M. MENZ, C.A. TISDELL. WeedControl Economics. Academic Press. London, 1987, 177 p. BARROSO, G.M. Sistemática das angiospermas no Brasil.Vols. 1, 2 e 3. Rio de Janeiro. Livros Técnicos e Científicos Editora S/A. 1978. COMPÊNDIO DE DEFENSIVOS AGRÍCOLAS. Guia Prático de Produtos Fitossanitários para Uso Agrícola. 4a edição, Organização Andrei Editora Ltda.,São Paulo, 1993. 448 p. CORREA, M.P. Dicionário das Plantas Úteis do Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura. Rio de Janeiro,6 volumes. 1975. DEBACH, P. Control biologico de las Plagas e Insectos e Malas Hierbas. Companhia EditorialContinental, México, 1985. DEUBER, R. Ciência das Plantas Daninhas: Fundamentos. Editora da Unesp, Jaboticabal,Vol. I. 1992. 431 p. FERRI, M.G. Glossário ilustrado de botânica. Editora Nobel, 1981. 197 p. FOY, C.L. Adjuvants for Agrochemical. Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1992. 220 p. FREIRE, C.V. Chaves analíticas. Piracicaba, ESALQ/USP. 1990.99p. GODFREY, C.R.A. Agrochemicals from Natural Products. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1995. 420 p. HANCE, R.J. & K.HOLLY. Weed Control Handbook: principles. 8th edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, British Crop Protection Council,London, 1990. 582 p. Matologia: estudos sobre plantas daninhas / Arthur Arrobas Martins Barroso (Organizador); Afonso Takao Murata (Organizador). -- Jaboticabal: Fábrica da Palavra, 2021. 547 p. Pedroso, Rafael M., and Marcelo L. Moretti. 2025. Weed Resistance to Herbicides and Genetically Engineered, Herbicide-Resistant Soybeans
as a Tool for Weed Control: Past, Present, and Future of Adoption., 327–351. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-8104-1_19.
Top scientific journals on weed science: 1. Advances in Weed Science 2. Weed control 3. Congressos Brasileiros da Ciência das Planta