LCF5890 - Intensificação Ecológica das Plantações Florestais

Carga Horária

Docentes responsáveis
Agnès Amandine Robin
Jean Pierre Daniel Bouillet
José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves

Objetivo
A disciplina possui 3 grandes objetivos:
i) Transmitir conceitos da intensificação ecologica das plantações florestais e metodologias para o estudo dos ciclos da agua, do C e dos nutrientes em plantios puros e mistos
ii) Apresentar o uso de ferramentas especificas para estudar o funcionamento das plantações florestais
iii) Enfatizar o interesse do trabalho experimental in situ e fortalecer o senso crítico dos alunos da pós-graduação na leitura dos artigos publicados.

Conteúdo
1. FUNCIONAMENTO HIDRICO E CARBONO DAS PLANTACOES FLORESTAIS. :
a) Fluxos de carbono: produtividade primária bruta; partição de carbohidratos; respiração autotrofica; produtividade primária líquida; respiração heterotrofica e respiração do solo; balanço de carbono;
b) Fluxos de agua na escala das arvores e do povomento: fluxos xilematicos, evapotranspiração, balanço de agua no solo;
c) fluxos de energia: radiação solar e termica, fluxos de energia latente e sensivel, balanço de energia;
d) métrologia: metodologias usadas para monitorar os fluxos e as variaveis ambientais (météorologia, micro-clima, ...) que afaitam o balanço de agua e de carbono e o crescimento das arvores: mediçoes dos trocos gasosos nas escalas das folhas, arvores e povoamentos, torres de fluxos;
e) Eficiências do uso de recursos (luz, agua, nutrientes);
f) Compreensão do sistema florestal, predição da produtividade, e simulações das interções entre ciclos de agua, carbono e nutrientes com modelos ecofisiologicos.
2. FUNCIONAMENTO BIO-GEOQUIMICO DAS PLANTACOES FLORESTAIS
a) Apresentação geral dos ciclos biogeoquímicos dos nutrientes em plantações de Eucalyptus: conceitos e estudos de casos
b) Diversidade e funções dos microrganismos do solo: consequências sobre os fluxos de carbono e de nutrientes em plantações florestais
c) Papel da rhizosféra: exemplo da biodisponibilidade em P
d) Simbiosis
e) Métodos de avaliação dos microorganismos do solo
3. INTENSIFICACAO ECOLOGICA DAS PLANTACOES FLORESTAIS:
a) Contexto
b) Histórico e Conceitos
c) Intensificação ecologica em plantios mistos de Eucaliptos e Acacia
d) Decomposição do litter em plantios puros e mistos : teorias ecologicas e determinantes – exemplo do « Home Field Advantage » em plantios de eucaliptos e acacias
4 FERRAMENTAS ISOTOPICAS E TRACADORES
a) Estimação da fixação de N2 pelo metodo da abundancia natural e da dilução isotopica 15N
b) Transferencia de N entre arvores
c) Transferencia de N entre folhas
d) Monitoramento da decomposição dos residos de colheita
e) Especalização de absorção de nutrientes na profondidade pelas raizes de Eucalyptus
5 TRABALHO NA ESTACAO EXPERIMENTAL:
- Tecnicas usadas para monitorar os fluxos de carbono e agua:
a) sensores para monitorar a meteorologia, o microclima, temperatura e umidade do solo, os fluxos xilematicos;
b) torres de fluxo; respiração do solo, dos troncos, galhos, e folhas;
c) medições de fotosintesis na escala das folhas;
d) caracterisação da estrutura do dossel (indicio de area folhar, angulos das folhas, etc), e para quantificar a interceptação de luz;
- Ciclos de nutrientes:Lisimetros; Marcação de arvores com 15N ; Inventarios, equações de biomassa (amostragem ao campo e calculo das equações)
- Amostragem de solo e de raizes
a) coleta, armanezamento, analises
b) observações de raizes com fungos micorrizicos

Bibliografia
- Agren, G.I.; E. Bosatta, 1996. Theoretical ecosystem ecology: understanding element cycles. Cambridge, Cambridge, 234p.
- Aranibar JN, Anderson IC, Ringrose S, Macko SA., 2003. "Title: Importance of nitrogen fixation in soil crusts of southern African arid ecosystems: acetylene reduction and stable isotope studies." Journal of Arid Environments 54(2): 345-358.
- Augusto L., Crampon N., Saur E., Bakker M.R., Pellerin S., de Lavaissière C., Trichet P., 2005. High rates of nitrogen fixation of Ulex species in the understory of maritime pine stands and the potential effect of phosphorus fertilization. Can J For Res, 1183-1192
- Ayres, E.; Steltzer, H.; Berg, S.; Wall, D.H., 2009 Soil biota accelerate decomposition in high-elevation forests by specializing in the breakdown of litter produced by the plant species above them. Journal of Ecology, 97, 901-912
- Barbault R., 2000. Ecologie générale. Structure et fonctionnement de la biosphère (5° édition). Dunod, Paris, 326p.
- Barber S.A., 1995. Soil nutrient bioavailability: A mechanistic approach. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
- Bauhus, J., Khanna, P.K., Menden, N., 2000. Aboveground and belowground interactions in mixed plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii. Can. J. For. Res. 30, 1886–1894.
- Binkley D., Senock R., Bird S., Cole T.G., 2003. Twenty years of stand development in pure and mixed stands of Eucalyptus saligna and nitrogen-fixing Falcataria moluccana. Forest Ecology and Management 182, 93-102.
- Binkley D., Stape J.L., Ryan M.G., 2004. Thinking about efficiency of resource use in forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 193, 5-16
- Bouillet J.-P., Laclau J.-P., Gonçalves J.L.M., Moreira M.Z., Trivelin P., Jourdan C., Galiana A., 2008. Mixed-species plantations of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil. 2. Nitrogen accumulation in the stands and N2 biological fixation. For. Ecol. Manage. 255, 3918-3930.
- Bouillet J.-P., Laclau J.-P., Gonçalves J.L.M., Voigtlaender M., Gava J.L., Leite F.P., Hakamada R., Mareschal L., Mabiala A., Tardy F., Levillain J., Deleporte P., Epron D.,
Nouvellon Y., 2013. Eucalyptus and Acacia tree growth and stand production over a full rotation in single- and mixed-species plantations across 5 sites in Brazil and Congo. Forest Ecology and Management, on line, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.09.019
- Bertness, M.D., Callaway, R., 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 191-193.
- Boyden, S., Binkley, D., Senock, R., 2005. Competition and facilitation between Eucalyptus and nitrogen-fixing Falcataria in relation to soil fertility. Ecology 86, 992–1001.
- Boyden S.B., Reich P.B., Puettmann K.J., Baker T.R., 2009. Effects of density and ontogeny on size and growth ranks of three competing tree species. Journal of Ecology, 97, 277-288
- Bruno JF, Stachowicz JJ, Bertness MD, 2003. Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18:119-125.
- Bristow M., Vanclay J.K., Brooks L., Hunt M., 2006. Growth and species interactions of Eucalyptus pellita in a mixed and monoculture plantation in the humid tropics of north Queensland. For. Ecol. Manage, 233, 285-294
- Callaway R.M., Walker L.R., 1997. Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities . ECOLOGY Volume: 78: 7 , 1958-1965.
- Champman, S. K.; Koch, G. W., 2007. What type of diversity yields synergy during mixed litter decomposition in a natural forest ecosystem? Plant and soil, 299, 153–162
- Chen Z., Ma S., Liu L., 2008. Studies on phosphorus solubilizing activity of a strain of phophobacteria isolated from chesnut type soil in China. Bioresource Technology. 99: 6702-6707.
- Conway G., Carsalade H., Griffon M., 1994. Une agriculture durable pour la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Paris. CIRAD-URPA/ECOPOL.
- Coq, S.; Weigel, J.; Butenschoen, O.; Bonal, D.; Hättenschwiler, S., 2011 Litter composition rather than plant presence affects decomposition of tropical litter mixtures. Plant and Soil, Dordrecht, 343, 273-286.
- Corbeels M., McMurtrie R.E., Pepper D.A., Mendham D.S., Grovet T.S., O'Connell A.M., 2005. Long-term changes in productivity of eucalypt plantations under different harvest residue and nitrogen management practices : A modelling analysis. Forest Ecology and Management 217 (1), 1-18.
- Cramer MD, Chimphango SBM, van Cauter A, Waldram MS, Bond WJ., 2007. "Grass competition induces N-2 fixation in some species of African Acacia." Journal of Ecology 95(5): 1123-1133.
- Criquet S., Ferre E., Farnet A.M., Le petit J., 2004. Annual dynamics of phosphatase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 36: 1111-1118.
- Feng G., Song Y.C., Li X.L., Christie P., 2003. Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to utilization of organic sources of phosphorus by red clover in a calcareous soil. Applied Soil Ecology. 22: 139-148.
- Firn J., Erskine P.D., Lamb D., 2007. Woody species diversity influences productivity and soil nutrient availability in tropical plantations. Oecologia 154:3, 521-533.
- Fisher R.F., Binkley D., 2000. Ecology and management of forest soils. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 489 pp.
- Forrester D.I., Bauhus J., Cowie,A.L., 2005. On the success and failure of mixed-species tree plantations: lessons learned from a model system of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii. Forest Ecology and Management, 209(1-2): 147-155
- Forrester, D.I., Bauhus, J., Cowie, A.L., Vanclay, J.K., 2006. Mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus with nitrogen-fixing trees: a review. For. Ecol. Manage. 233, 211-230.
- Friedley, J.D., 2001.The influence of species diversity on ecosystem productivity: how, where, and why? Oikos 93, 514-526.
- Gholz H. O.; Wedin, D. A.; Smitherman, S. M.; Harmon, M. E.; Parton, W. J., 2000 Long term dynamics of pine and hardwood litter in contrasting environments: toward a global model of decomposition. Global Change Biology, 6, 751–765.
– Goncalves J.L.M., Stape J.L., Laclau J.P., Bouillet J.P., Ranger J., 2008. Assessing the effects of early management on long-term site productivity of fast-growing eucalypt plantations : the Brazilian experience. Southern Forests 2008, 70(2): 105-118
- Griffon M., Weber J., 1996. La « Révolution doublement verte » : économie et institutions. Cahiers Agriculture, 5 : 239-42
- Gunes A., Inal A., Cicek N., Eraslan F., 2007. Role of Phosphatases, Iron Reducing, and Solubilizing Activity on the Nutrient Acquisition in Mixed Cropped Peanut and Barley Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30: 1555–1568.
- Hinsinger P., 2001. Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review Plant and soil, 237: 2, 173-195
- Hogh-Jensen H., 2006. The nitrogen transfer between plants: An important but difficult flux to quantify. Plant and soil, 282: 1-2 ,1-5
- Houlton, B.Z., Wang, Y.P., Vitousek, P.M., Field, C.B., 2008. A unifying framework for dinitrogen fixation in the terrestrial biosphere. Nature 454, 327–330.
- Hunt, M.A., Battaglia, M., Davidson, N.J., Unwin, G., 2006. Competition between plantation Eucalyptus nitens and Acacia dealbata weeds in northeastern Tasmania. For. Ecol. Manage. 233, 260–274.
- Jackson L.E., Burger M., Cavagnaro T.R., 2008; Roots, nitrogen Transformation and Ecosystem Services. Annual review of Plant Biology, 59, 341-363
- Kelty, M.J., Cameron, I.R., 1995. Plot designs for the analysis of species interactions in mixed stands. Commun. For. Rev. 74, 322-332.
- Kelty M.J., 2006. The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry. Forest Ecology and Management 233, 195-204.
- Kirschbaum MUF., Tompkins D., 1990. Photosynthetic responses to phosphorus nutrition in Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 17, 527-535.
- Kohler J., Caravaca F., Carrasco L., Roldan A., 2007. Interactions between a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, an AM fungus and a phosphate-solubilising fungus in the rhizosphere of Lactuca sativa. Applied Soil Ecology, 35: 480-487.
- Laclau, J.-P., Ranger, J., Deleporte, P., Nouvellon, Y., Saint-André, L., Marlet, S., Bouillet, J.-P., 2005. Nutrient cycling in a clonal stand of Eucalyptus and an adjacent savanna ecosystem in Congo. 3. Input-output budgets and consequences for the sustainability of the plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 210, 375-391.
- Laclau, J.-P., Bouillet, J.-P., Gonçalves, J.L.M., Silva, E.V., Jourdan, C., Cunha, M.C.S., Moreira, M.R., Saint-André, L., Maquère, V., Nouvellon, Y., Ranger, J. 2008. Mixed-species plantations of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil. 1. Biomass allocation and net primary production. For. Ecol. Manage. 255, 3905-3917.
- Laclau, J.-P., Ranger, J., Gonçalves, J.L.M., Maquère, V, Krusche, A.V., Thongo M’Bou, A., Nouvellon, Y., Saint-André, L., Bouillet, J.-P., de Cassia Piccolo, M., Deleporte, P., 2010. Biogeochemical cycles of nutrients in tropical Eucalyptus plantations. Main features shown by intensive monitoring in Congo and Brazil. For. Ecol. Manage. 259, 1771-1785.
- Laclau, J-P., Nouvellon, Y., Reine, C., Gonçalves, J.L.M., Krushe, A.V., Jourdan, C., le Maire, G., Bouillet, J-P., 2013. Mixing Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium trees leads to fine root transgressive over-yielding and exclusion of the weakest competitor from resource-rich soil layers. Oecologia (DOI 10.1007/s00442-012-2526-2).
- Lair G.J., Zehetner F., Khan Z.H., Gerzabek M.H., 2009. Phosphorus sorption–desorption in alluvial soils of a young weathering sequence at the Danube River. /Geoderma/, 149: 39-44.
- le Maire, G., Nouvellon, Y., Christina, M., Ponzoni, F.J., Gonçalves, J.L.M., Bouillet, J.P., Laclau, J.P., 2013. Tree and stand light use efficiencies over a full rotation of single- and mixed-species Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 288: 31–42.
- Leuning R, Wang Y.P, Cromer R.N., 1991. Model simulations of spatial distributions and daily totals of photosynthesis in Eucalyptus grandis canopies. Oecologia 88, 494-503
- Loustau D., Ben Brahim M., Gaudillère JP., Dreyer E., 1999. Photosynthetic responses to phosphorus nutrition in two-year-old maritime pine seedlings. Tree Physiology 9:707-715.
- Malézieux E., Crozat Y., Dupraz C.,Laurans M.,Makowski D.,Ozier-Lafontaine H., Rapidel B.,Tourdonnet de S., Valantin-Morison M., 2008. Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 28: 1-20.
- Mulia R, Dupraz C., 2006. Unusual fine root distributions of two deciduous tree species in southern France: What consequences for modelling of tree root dynamics? Plant and Soil 281:71–85
- Mulligan D.R., 1989. Leaf phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and net photosynthesis in Eucalyptus seedlings. Tree Physiology 5:149-157.
- Omidi H., Tahmasebi Z., Torabi H., Miransari M., 2008. Soil enzymatic activities and available P and Zn as affected by tillage practices, canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars and planting dates. European Journal of Soil Biology. 44: 443-450.
- Ozier-Lafontaine H., Lafolie F., Bruckler L., Tournebize R., Mollier A., 1998. Modelling competition for water in intercrops: theory and comparison with field experiments. Plant and Soil 204(2): 183-201.
- Ranger J, Allie S, Gelhaye D, Pollier B, Turpault MP, Granier A, 2002. Nutrient budgets for a rotation of a Douglas-fir plantation in the Beaujolais (France) based on a chronosequence study. Forest Ecology and Management, 2002, 3-16
- Ribet J, Drevon JJ 1996. The phosphorus requirement of N2 fixing and urea-fed Acacia mangium. New Phytol 132: 383-390
- Richards, A.E., Forrester, D.I., Bauhus, J., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., 2010. The influence of mixed tree plantations on the nutrition of individual species: a review. Tree Physiol. 30, 1992- 2108.
- Rothe A., Binkley D., 2001. Nutritional interactions in mixed species forests: a synthesis. Can. J. For. Res. 31, 1855-1870.
- Sankaran KV, Mendham DS, Chacko KC, Pandalai RC, Pillai PKC, Grove TS, O’Connell AM, 2008. Impact of site management practices on growth of eucalypt plantations in the monsoonal tropics in Kerala, India. In : Nambiar EKS (ed) “Site management and productivity in tropical plantation forests” workshop proceedings in Piracicaba (Brazil) 22-29 November 2004 and Bogor (Indonesia) 6-9 November 2006: 23-37
- Schwendener, C. M.; Lehmann, J.; Camargo, P. B.; Luizão, R. C. C; Fernandes, E.C.M., 2005 Nitrogen transfer between high- and low-quality leaves on a nutrient-poor Oxisol determined by 15N enrichment. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 37,787-794.
- Schultze J., Drevon J.J. 2005. P-deficiency increases the O2 uptake per N2 reduced in alfalfa. Journal of Experimental Botany 56, 1779-1784
- Sierra J, Daudin D, Domenach AM, Nygren P, Desfontaines L., 2007. "Nitrogen transfer from a legume tree to the associated grass estimated by the isotopic signature of tree root exudates: A comparison of the N-15 leaf feeding and natural N-15 abundance methods." European Journal of Agronomy 27(2-4): 178-186.
- Sierra, J.; Nygren, P., 2006. Transfer of N fixed by a legume tree to the associated grass in a tropical silvopastoral system. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 38, 1893–1903
- Tang C.X., Hinsinger P., Jaillard B., Rengel Z., Drevon J.J., 2001. Effect of Phosphorus deficiency on the growth, symbiotic N2 fixation and proton release of two beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes. Agronomie,21, 683-689.
- Vance C.P., Uhde-Stone C., Allan D.L., 2003. Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. /New Phytologist/, 157: 423-447.
- Vandermeer, J., 1989. The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press, New York.
- Vivanco, L; Austin, A. T., 2008 Tree species identity alters forest litter decomposition through long-term plant and soil interactions in Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Ecology, 96, 727-736
- Voigtlaender, M., Laclau, J.-P., Gonçalves, J.L.M., de Cássia Piccolo, Moreira, M.Z., Nouvellon, Y., Ranger, J., Bouillet, J.-P., 2012. Introducing Acacia mangium trees in Eucalyptus grandis plantations: consequences for soil organic matter stocks and nitrogen mineralization. Plant Soil 352, 99-111.
- Xiang, A.B., Bauhus, J., 2007. Does the addition of litter from N-fixing Acacia mearnsii accelerate leaf decomposition of Eucalyptus globulus? Australian Journal of Botany 55, 576–583.
- Yerokun O.A., 2008. Chemical characteristics of phosphorus in some representative benchmark soil of Zambia. Geoderma, 147: 63-68.
- Zeller, B. et al., 2000 Decomposition of 15N-labelled beech litter and fate of nitrogen derived from litter in a beech forest. Oecologia,123, 550–559.
- Zeller, B. et al., 2001 Fate of nitrogen released from 15N-labeled litter in European beech Forests. Tree Physiology, 21, 153–162.