LCF5723 - Carbon and Nutrient Cycling and Soil Ecological Management in Forest Ecosystems

Credit hours

Instructor
Alexandre de Vicente Ferraz
José Henrique Tertulino Rocha
José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves

Objective
This course aims to explore the processes of carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The principles and practices of physical, chemical, and biological soil management are addressed, exploring the importance of soil biodiversity and forest stands to promote beneficial soil-plant-microorganism ecological interactions. They aim to prepare students to contribute significantly to the research and sustainable management of these ecosystems, in order to promote the conservation or improvement of soil health in normal and climate change contexts.

Content
1. CARBON CYCLING: a) Influence of climate on carbon cycling; b) Carbon fluxes between the atmosphere, vegetation, and soil in the different biomes; c) the effects of natural and man-made disturbances; d) Carbon sequestration in biomass and soil; e) Sustainable management strategies to optimize carbon cycling;
2. NUTRIENT CYCLING: a) Biochemical, biogeochemical and geochemical cycles of macro and micronutrients in forest ecosystems; b) content, distribution in the soil profile and in forest compartments; c) Inputs of macro and micronutrients via atmosphere, biological fixation, weathering, and fertilizers; d) Macro and micronutrient losses via erosion, leaching, volatilization, and logging;
3. TREE ROOT SYSTEM: Morphological characteristics, soil profile distribution and functions;
4. EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE BIOTIC COMMUNITY OF THE SOIL: a) Symbiotic, facilitating, and competitive interactions between plants and microorganisms; b) effects on plant nutrition and protection; c) Use of beneficial microorganisms in forest management;
5. PRINCIPLES AND LAWS OF FERTILIZATION: a) Strategies for optimizing soil fertility; b) Use of organic and mineral fertilizers in a sustainable manner;
6. NUTRITION AND FERTILIZATION OF MONOSPECIFIC AND MIXED FOREST PLANTATIONS, WITH EXOTIC AND NATIVE SPECIES: a) Liming, gypsum, nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and micronutrient fertilization; b) the form and timing of the application of the nutrients;
7. SOIL CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS: a) Benefits and challenges of AFSs compared to conventional agricultural systems; b) Carbon and nutrient cycling; c) physical, chemical, and biological fertility of the soil; d) quality assessment; e) Management techniques; f) Challenges and Potentialities;
8. REGENERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF DEGRADED SOILS: Diagnosis, Principles and Management Methods;
9. ALTERNATIVE FERTILISERS: SOIL REMINERALISERS, INDUSTRIAL AND URBAN WASTE: a) Characteristics and methods of application; b) impacts on the physical, chemical and biological fertility of the soil;
10. SEMINARS AND DISCUSSIONS: a) Case studies of integrated soil management in different types of forests; b) Environmental and conservation issues in forest ecosystems.

Bibliography
CARDOSO, E. J. B. N.; GONÇALVES, J. L. M.; BALIEIRO, F. C.; FRANCO, A. A. Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Leguminous Trees. 1. ed. Springer International Publishing, v. 1, 2020. 280p.
COMPANT, S.; SAMAD, A.; FAIST, H.; SESSITSCH, A. A review on the plant microbiome: Ecology, functions, and emerging trends in microbial application. Journal of Advanced Research, v. 19, p. 29–37, 2019.
GLIESSMAN, S. R. Agroecologia: processos ecológicos em agricultura sustentável.3. ed. Porto Alegre: Ed. Da UFRGS, 2005. 656p.
GONÇALVES, J. L. M.; NOGUEIRA JR., L. R.; DUCATTI, F. Recuperação de solos degradados. In: KAGEYAMA, P. Y.; OLIVEIRA, R. E.; MORAES, L. F. D.; ENGEL, V. L.; GANDARA, F. B. (Org.). Restauração ecológica de ecossistemas naturais. 1ed.Botucatu-SP: FEPAF, 2003, p. 111-163.
GONÇALVES, J. L. M.; ALVARES, C. A.; HIGA, A. R.; SILVA, L. D.; ALFENAS, A. C.; STAHL, J.; FERRAZ, S. F. B. ; LIMA, W. P. ; BRANCALION, P. H. S. ; HUBNER, A. ; BOUILLET, J-P. D.; LACLAU, J-P.; NOUVELLON, Y.; EPRON, D. Integrating genetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic and biotic constraints in Brazilian eucalypt plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 301, p. 6-27, 2013.
KUZYAKOVA, Y.; RAZAVI, B. S. Rhizosphere size and shape: Temporal dynamics and spatial stationarity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 135, p. 343–360, 2019.
LITTON, C.; RAICH, J. W.; RYAN, M. G. Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. Global Change Biology, v. 13, p. 2089- 2109, 2007.
LORENZ, K.; LAL, R. Carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. Netherlands: Springer Dordrecht, 2010. 279p.
LORENZ, K.; LAL, R. Soil organic carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, v. 34, p. 443–454, 2014a.
LORENZ, K., LAL, R. Biochar application to soil for climate change mitigation by soil organic carbon sequestration. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, v. 177, p. 651–670, 2014b.
MELILLO, J. M.; FREY, S. D.; DEANGELIS, K. M.; WERNER, W. J.; BERNARD, M. J.; BOWLES, F. P.; POLD, G.; KNORR, M. A.; GRANDY, A. S. Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world. Science, v. 358, 101-105, 2017.
MELO, E. A. S. C.; GONÇALVES, J. L. M.; ROCHA, J. H. T.; HAKAMADA, R. E.; BAZANI, J. H.; WENZEL, A. V. A.; ARTHUR JR., J. C.; BORGES, J. S.; MALHEIROS, R.; LEMOS, C. C. Z.; FERREIRA, E. V. O.; FERRAZ, A. V. Responses of clonal eucalypt plantations to N, P and K fertilizer application in different edaphoclimatic conditions. Forests, v. 7, p. 1-15, 2016.
MERGANICOVÁ, K.; MERGANIC, J.; LEHTONEN, A.; VACCHIANO, G.; OSTROGOVI, M.Z.; AUGUSTYNCZIK, A.L.D.; GROTE, R.; KYSELOVÁ, I.; MÄKELÄ, A.; YOUSEFPOUR, R.; KREJZA, J.; COLLALTI, A.; REYER, C.P.O. Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change. Tree Physiology, v. 39, p. 1937–1960, 2019.
RAICH, J.W., NADELHOFFER, K. J. Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: global trends. Ecology, v. 70, p. 1346–1354, 1989.
ROBIN, A.; PRADIER, C.; SANGUIN, H.; MAHÉ, F.; LAMBAIS, G. R.; PEREIRA, A. P. A.; GERMON, A.; SANTANA, M. C.; TISSEYRE, P.; PABLO, A-L.; HEUILLARD, P.; SAUVADET, M.; BOUILLET, J-P.; ANDREOTE, F. D.; PLASSARD, C.; GONÇALVES, J. L. M.; CARDOSO, E. J. B. N.; LACLAU, J-P.; HINSINGER, P.; JOURDAN, C. How deep can ectomycorrhizas go? A case study on Pisolithus down to 4 meters in a Brazilian eucalypt plantation. Mycorrhiza, v. 10, p. 1-12, 2019.
ROCHA, J. H. T.; DU TOIT, B.; GONÇALVES, J. L. M. Ca and Mg nutrition and its application in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 442, p. 63-78, 2019.
ROCHA, J. H. T.; GONÇALVES, J. L. M.; BRANDANI, C. B.; FERRAZ, A. V.; FRANCI, A. F.; MARQUES, E. R. G.; ARTHUR JR, J. C.; HUBNER, A. Forest residue removal decreases soil quality and affects wood productivity even with high rates of fertilizer application. Forest Ecology and Management , v. 430, p. 188-195, 2018.
TRIVEDI, P.; BATISTA, B. D.; BAZANY, K. E.; SINGH, B. K. Plant–microbiome interactions under a changing world: responses, consequences and perspectives. New Phytologist, v. 234, p. 1951–1959, 2022.
WEZEL, A.; BELLON, S.; DORÉ, T.; FRANCIS, C.; VALLOD, D.; DAVID, C. Agroecology as a science, a movement, and a practice. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, v. 29, p. 503-515, 2009.