Credit hours
In-class work per week |
Practice per week |
Credits |
Duration |
Total |
3 |
5 |
12 |
15 weeks |
180 hours |
Instructor
Italo Delalibera Junior
Objective
Provide theoretical and practical knowledge of the principles of pathology in order to enable the student to recognize the main diseases associated with arthropods specially, insects, mites and ticks. Present
basic and applied knowledge of the main groups of entomopathogens, the importance of these for pest
control and in mass rearing of insects and mites. Presenting a multi-disciplinary approach to the
different non-pathogenic interactions between microorganisms and arthropods of the evolutionary point
of view. Understand the key aspects of the biology, specificity and epizootiology of the most important
microbial control agents. Study the control approaches used with entomopathogens and the possible
risks of these forms of pest management. To learn about methods of production, formulation types and
application techniques microbial products in the field.
Content
Theoretical lessons: History of the pathology and microbial control of arthropods. Diseases of arthropod. Noninfectious diseases, symptoms and diagnosis. Pathophysiology. Immunity and insect defense mechanisms to entomopathogens. Koch's postulates. Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes. Diseases of useful insects. Epizootiology. Types of associations and ecology of the non-pathogenic interactions of microorganism with arthropods. Microorganisms in the digestive tract and extracellular symbionts. Endophytic entomopathogens. Theories of the evolution of virulence. Interactions between micro-organism and micro-organisms: viroses of fungi. Microbial control approaches: classical biological control, augmentative and conservation. Use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and microsporidia in pest control. Insect resistance to microbial control agents. Production, formulation, and application techniques of microbial products. Compatibility and synergism of microbial products with chemical pesticides. regulatory and ethical aspects. Risk analysis of microbial control agents.
Practical lessons: Techniques used in pathology of insects and mites, demonstration of detection methods, staining and viability of pathogens. Safety in pathology laboratory. Sterilization. Physiology of infected insects: changes in heartbeat of infected insects, pH of the hemolymph and gut. Materials and culture media, isolation, purification and quantification of entomopathogenic inoculum. Koch's postulates; staining, examination and determination of the main entomopathogenic groups. Modeling the dynamics of pathogens and insect. Microscopic observation and isolation of microorganisms of the digestive tract and extracellular symbionts of insects. Preparation and implementation of microbial control projects by students. Virus purification. Basic concepts on production and bioassays with the following microbial control agents: Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus (bacteria), Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, fumosorosea Isaria, Lecanicillium spp (fungi), NPV, GV (virus), nematodes or others. Bioassay on compatibility / synergism of pesticides with entomopathogenic fungi.
Bibliography
Adams, J. R. & J. R. Bonami (Eds.). 2017. Atlas of invertebrate viruses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1138-5576-59.
Alves, S. B. 1998. (Ed.). Controle microbiano de insetos, Piracicaba: FEALQ. 1163 p. ISBN 857133- 004-2.
Beckage, N. E., (Ed.). 2011. Insect immunology. Academic press.
Beckage, N. E., S. N. Thompson & B. A. Federici. (Eds.). 2012. Parasites and pathogens of insects: Parasites. Vol. 1. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-091649-1.
Biedermann, P. H. W. & F. E. Vega. 2020. "Ecology and evolution of insect–fungus mutualisms." Annual Review of Entomology 65: 431-455.
Boucias, D. G. & J. C. Pendland (Eds.). 2012. Principles of insect pathology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4615-4915-4.
Bourtzis, K. & T. A. Miller, (Eds.). 2008. Insect symbiosis. CRC press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6410-0.
Bravo, A., et al. 2011. "Bacillus thuringiensis: a story of a successful bioinsecticide." Insect biochemistry and molecular biology 41.7: 423-431.
Cooper, D. & I. Eleftherianos. 2017. "Memory and specificity in the insect immune system: current perspectives and future challenges." Frontiers in Immunology 8: 539.
Cory, J. S. & J. H. Myers. 2003. "The ecology and evolution of insect baculoviruses." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34.1: 239-272.
D'Amico, V. 2009. "Baculovirus and Insect Cell Expression Protocols." Journal of Economic Entomology 102.4: 1725-1726.
Dillon, R.J. & V.M. Dillon, (Eds.). 2004. The gut bacteria of insects: Nonpathogenic interactions. Annual Review of Entomology, 49: 71-92.
Dunn, M. D., P. D. Belur, & A. P. Malan. 2020. "A review of the in vitro liquid mass culture of entomopathogenic nematodes." Biocontrol Science and Technology: 1-21.
Ejiofor, A. O. 2016. "Insect Biotechnology." Short Views on Insect Genomics and Proteomics. Springer, Cham. 185-210. ISBN 978-3-319-24244-6.
Fiuza, L. M., R. A. Polanczyk, & N. Crickmore, (Eds.). 2017. Bacillus thuringiensis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus: Characterization and use in the field of biocontrol. Springer.
Gaugler, R. (Eds.). 2002. Entomopathogenic nematology CABI Pub., 388 p.
Genersch, Elke. 2010. "Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping." Applied microbiology and biotechnology 87.1: 87-97.
Grewal, P. S., R. U. Ehlers, & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, (Eds.). 2005. Nematodes as biocontrol agents. CABI. ISBN 0-85199-017-7.
Grzywacz, D. 2017. "Basic and applied research: Baculovirus." Microbial Control of Insect and Mite Pests. Academic Press. 27-46. ISBN 978-0-12-803527-6.
Hajek, A., & J. Eilenberg. 2018. Biological Control as Part of Integrated Pest Management. In Natural Enemies: An Introduction to Biological Control (pp. 359-375). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harrison, R. & K. Hoover. 2012. "Baculoviruses and other occluded insect viruses." Insect pathology: 73-131.
Hazir, S. et al. 2004. "Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests." Turkish Journal of Biology 27.4: 181-202.
Hirose, E., A. R. Panizzi, & S. S. Prado. 2012. "Symbionts and nutrition of insects." Insect Bioecology and Nutrition for Integrated Pest Management: 145-162. ISBN 9781138198500.
Hokkanen, H. M. T. & A. H. Hajek (Eds.). 2003. Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides: Need and Methods for Risk Assessment. Dordrecht, v. 1, 269 p.
Hokkanen, H. M. T. & A. Hajek, (Eds.). 2003. Environmental impacts of microbial insecticides: Need and methods for risk assessment. Vol. 1. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-0813-9.
King, L. 2012. The baculovirus expression system: a laboratory guide. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-011-2374-7.
Koppenhofer, A., D. Shapiro, & I. Hiltpold. 2020. "Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Sustainable Food Production." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4: 125.
Lacey, L. A. (Ed.). 2012. Manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology-Second edition. San Diego, Academic Press, Inc., 484 p. ISBN 978-0-12-386899-2.
Lavine, M. D. & M. R. Strand. 2002. "Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity." Insect biochemistry and molecular biology 32.10: 1295-1309.
Ligoxygakis P. 2017. Insect Immunity. Advances in Insect Physiology, 52. Academic Press, 262 p. ISBN 978-0-1281-1775-0.
Mahy, B. W. J. & M. H. V. Van Regenmortel. 2008. Encyclopedia of virology. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-373935-7.
Morse, R. A. & Flottum, K. (Eds.). 2013. Honey bee pests, predators, and diseases. Third edition. Ithaca
and London, Cornell University Press, 732p.
Moscardi, F. et al. 2011. "Baculovirus pesticides: present state and future perspectives." Microbes and microbial technology. Springer, New York, NY. 415-445. ISBN 978-1-4419-7930-8.
Murhammer, D. W., (Ed.). 2007. Baculovirus and insect cell expression protocols. Vol. 388. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ISBN 978-1493979783.
Onstad, D. W., et al. 2006. "An abridged glossary of terms used in invertebrate pathology." Society for invertebrate pathology.
Poinar Jr, G. O. & G. M. Thomas. 2012. Laboratory guide to insect pathogens and parasites. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4684-8544-8.
Raman, A., W. Wheatley & A. Popay. 2012. "Endophytic fungus-vascular plant-insect interactions." Environmental entomology 41.3: 433-447.
Rosales, C. & S. Vonnie. 2017. "Cellular and molecular mechanisms of insect immunity." Insect Physiology and Ecology. InTeach Publicaiton. CCBY: 179-212.
Samson, R. A., H. C. Evans & J. P. Latgé. 2013. Atlas of entomopathogenic fungi. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-05890-9.
Sanahuja, G., et al. 2011. "Bacillus thuringiensis: a century of research, development and commercial applications." Plant biotechnology journal 9.3: 283-300.
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., D. J. Bruck, & L. A. Lacey. 2012. "Principles of epizootiology and microbial control." Insect pathology 2: 29-72.
Strand, M. R. 2011. "Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity." Insect immunology 32: 25-47. ISBN 978-0-12-373976-6.
Undeen, A. H., & J. Vávra. 2012. "Research methods for entomopathogenic protozoa." Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press. 117-151.
Utrecht. Charles, J. F., A. Delécluse, & C. Nielsen-Le Roux (Eds.). 2013. Entomopathogenic bacteria: from laboratory to field application. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-7923-6523-5.
Vega, F. E. & M. Blackwell, (Eds.). 2005. Insect-fungal associations: ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516652-1.
Vega, F. E. & M. Blackwell (Eds). 2005. Insect-fungal associations: ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, 333 p. New York. ISBN 0-19-516652-3.
Vega, F.E. & H. K. Kaya (Eds.). 2012. Insect pathology - Second edition. San Diego, Academic Press, Inc., 490p. ISBN 978-0-12-384984-7.